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"Griffin, Carl J. (Carl James)"
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Politics of hunger
The 1840s witnessed widespread hunger and malnutrition at home and mass starvation in Ireland. And yet the aptly named ‘Hungry 40s’ came amidst claims that, notwithstanding Malthusian prophecies, absolute biological want had been eliminated in England. The eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were supposedly the period in which the threat of famine lifted for the peoples of England. But hunger remained, in the words of Marx, an ‘unremitted pressure’. The politics of hunger offers the first systematic analysis of the ways in which hunger continued to be experienced and feared, both as a lived and constant spectral presence. It also examines how hunger was increasingly used as a disciplining device in new modes of governing the population. Drawing upon a rich archive, this innovative and conceptually-sophisticated study throws new light on how hunger persisted as a political and biological force.
eBook
Association of early dysnatremia with mortality in the neonatal intensive care unit: results from the AWAKEN study
To determine the association of dysnatremia in the first postnatal week and risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) and mortality.
A secondary analysis of 1979 neonates in the AWAKEN cohort evaluated the association of dysnatremia with (1) AKI in the first postnatal week and (2) mortality, utilizing time-varying Cox proportional hazard models.
Dysnatremia developed in 50.2% of the cohort and was not associated with AKI. Mortality was associated with hyponatremia (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.07-4.31), hypernatremia (HR 4.23, 95% CI 2.07-8.65), and combined hypo/hypernatremia (HR 6.39, 95% CI 2.01-14.01). In stratified models by AKI-status, hypernatremia and hypo/hypernatremia increased risk of mortality in neonates without AKI.
Dysnatremia within the first postnatal week was associated with increased risk of mortality. Hypernatremia and combined hypo/hypernatremia remained significantly associated with mortality in neonates without AKI. This may reflect fluid strategies kidney injury independent of creatinine and urine-output defined AKI, and/or systemic inflammation.
Journal Article
Inhaled Nitric Oxide for Premature Infants with Severe Respiratory Failure
Premature infants with severe respiratory failure may be treated with inhaled nitric oxide, a controversial treatment that may reduce mortality or prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in neonates with respiratory failure after treatment with surfactant there was no difference in the rates of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
In neonates with respiratory failure after treatment with surfactant there was no difference in the rates of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Premature infants in respiratory failure can have dramatic improvements after treatment with exogenous surfactant. However, a subset of premature infants have suboptimal responses to surfactant
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and may have pulmonary hypertension in association with severe respiratory failure.
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Inhaled nitric oxide may benefit such infants by selectively dilating pulmonary vasculature, improving ventilation–perfusion matching, and decreasing the pulmonary inflammatory response.
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Inhaled nitric oxide had been shown to provide only short-term improvement in oxygenation in premature infants
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until a recent single-center study reported an association between the administration of inhaled nitric oxide and a decrease in the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia . . .
Journal Article
Mendelian gene identification through mouse embryo viability screening
The diagnostic rate of Mendelian disorders in sequencing studies continues to increase, along with the pace of novel disease gene discovery. However, variant interpretation in novel genes not currently associated with disease is particularly challenging and strategies combining gene functional evidence with approaches that evaluate the phenotypic similarities between patients and model organisms have proven successful. A full spectrum of intolerance to loss-of-function variation has been previously described, providing evidence that gene essentiality should not be considered as a simple and fixed binary property.
Here we further dissected this spectrum by assessing the embryonic stage at which homozygous loss-of-function results in lethality in mice from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium, classifying the set of lethal genes into one of three windows of lethality: early, mid, or late gestation lethal. We studied the correlation between these windows of lethality and various gene features including expression across development, paralogy and constraint metrics together with human disease phenotypes. We explored a gene similarity approach for novel gene discovery and investigated unsolved cases from the 100,000 Genomes Project.
We found that genes in the early gestation lethal category have distinct characteristics and are enriched for genes linked with recessive forms of inherited metabolic disease. We identified several genes sharing multiple features with known biallelic forms of inborn errors of the metabolism and found signs of enrichment of biallelic predicted pathogenic variants among early gestation lethal genes in patients recruited under this disease category. We highlight two novel gene candidates with phenotypic overlap between the patients and the mouse knockouts.
Information on the developmental period at which embryonic lethality occurs in the knockout mouse may be used for novel disease gene discovery that helps to prioritise variants in unsolved rare disease cases.
Journal Article
Investigation of rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility loci in juvenile idiopathic arthritis confirms high degree of overlap
Objectives Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) shares some similar clinical and pathological features with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA); indeed, the strategy of investigating whether RA susceptibility loci also confer susceptibility to JIA has already proved highly successful in identifying novel JIA loci. A plethora of newly validated RA loci has been reported in the past year. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) to determine if they were also associated with JIA. Methods Thirty-four SNP that showed validated association with RA and had not been investigated previously in the UK JIA cohort were genotyped in JIA cases (n=1242), healthy controls (n=4281), and data were extracted for approximately 5380 UK Caucasian controls from the Wellcome Trust Case–Control Consortium 2. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between cases with JIA and controls using PLINK. A replication cohort of 813 JIA cases and 3058 controls from the USA was available for validation of any significant findings. Results Thirteen SNP showed significant association (p<0.05) with JIA and for all but one the direction of association was the same as in RA. Of the eight loci that were tested, three showed significant association in the US cohort. Conclusions A novel JIA susceptibility locus was identified, CD247, which represents another JIA susceptibility gene whose protein product is important in T-cell activation and signalling. The authors have also confirmed association of the PTPN2 and IL2RA genes with JIA, both reaching genome-wide significance in the combined analysis.
Journal Article
Intersecting Epidemics -- Crack Cocaine Use and HIV Infection among Inner-City Young Adults
“Crack” cocaine, an addictive, smokable form of cocaine, gained widespread use in many urban neighborhoods in the United States in the mid-1980s, particularly among poor young adults who were members of minority groups
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. A recent national household survey of drug use found that approximately 1 million Americans, including 1.0 percent of those between 18 and 25 years of age, had used crack during the previous year
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. Unlike injection-drug use, which is practiced predominantly by men, the use of crack cocaine is widespread among both men and women
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When inhaled, vaporized cocaine base gains rapid access . . .
Journal Article
The High-Risk Sexual Practices of Crack-Smoking Sex Workers Recruited From the Streets of Three American Cities
Background and Objectives: Small ethnographic and clinicbased studies indicate that crack-smoking sex workers are at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Study Goals: To examine the prevalence of risky sexual behaviors and HIV and STD in a large sample of streetrecruited crack-smoking sex workers. Study Design: From 1991 to 1992, 419 crack-smoking sex workers were recruited from urban neighborhoods, interviewed, and serologically tested. Results: Many female and male sex workers reported sex with injectors (30% to 41%) or HIV-infected persons (8% to 19%), past STD (73% to 93%), and inconsistent condom use (>50% for all types of sex). Sex workers who worked in crack houses or vacant lots, were paid with crack, or injected drugs had the riskiest sex practices. Most sex workers initiated sex work before they first smoked crack. More than 25% were infected with HIV (27.9%), syphilis (37.5%), or herpes simplex virus type 2 (66.8%). Conclusions: Interventions to prevent HIV/STD transmission among crack-smoking sex workers are urgently needed.
Journal Article